The definition sometimes includes the words 'mean', 'include', 'means and include' and 'to apply to and include'. What is the meaning of such words?

CA Intermediate · Corporate and Other Laws · MTP · January 2026
The definition sometimes includes the words 'mean', 'include', 'means and include' and 'to apply to and include'. What is the meaning of such words?

Suggested Answer and Working Notes:

Restrictive and extensive definitions: The definition of a word or expression in the definition section may either be restricting of its ordinary meaning or may be extensive of the same. When a word is defined to 'mean' such and such, the definition is 'prima facie' restrictive and exhaustive, we must restrict the meaning of the word to that given in the definition section. But where the word is defined to 'include' such and such, the definition is 'prima facie' extensive: here the word defined is not restricted to the meaning assigned to it but has extensive meaning which also includes the meaning assigned to it in the definition section. We may also find a word being defined as 'means and includes' such and such. In this case, the definition would be exhaustive. On the other hand, if the word is defined 'to apply to and include', the definition is understood as extensive.

Topics: Interpretation of Statutes

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