Mr. Rajat, while reviewing the anti-fraud controls for a construction company, found that the company has witnessed a few frauds in the past mainly…

(a) Inventory Frauds-Inventory frauds are many and varied but we are concerned with misappropriation of goods and their concealment. (i) Employees may simply remove goods from the premises. (ii) Theft of goods may be concealed by writing them off as damaged goods, etc. (iii) Inventory records may be manipulated by employees who have committed theft so that book quantities tally with the actual quantities of inventories in hand. (iv) Inflating the quantities issued for production is another way of defalcating raw materials and store items. (v) Stocks actually dispatched but not entered in sales/ debtor's account. Verification Procedure for Defalcation of inventory - It may be of trading stock, raw materials, manufacturing stores, tools or of other similar items (readily) capable of conversion into cash. The loss may be the result of a theft by an employee once or repeatedly over a long period, when the same have not been detected. Such thefts usually are possible through collusion among a number of persons. Therefore, for their detection, the entire system of receipts, storage and dispatch of all goods, etc. should be reviewed to localise the weakness in the system. The determination of factors which have been responsible for the theft and the establishment of guilt would be difficult in the absence of: (a) a system of inventory control, and existence of detailed record of the movement of inventory, or (b) availability of sufficient data from which such a record can be constructed. The first step in such an investigation is to establish the different items of inventory defalcated and their quantities by checking physically the quantities in inventory held and those shown by the Inventory Book. Investigating accountant should ascertain the exact duties of persons handling the stocks received in and issued from store for production/ sale or any purpose. Identify the excessive control in the hands of a single person, without any supervision as it will widen the scope of investigation. Afterwards, all the receipts and issues of inventory recorded in the Inventory Book should be verified by reference to entries in the Goods Inward and Outward Registers and the documentary evidence as regards purchases and sales. This would reveal the particulars of inventory not received but paid for as well as that issued but not charged to customers. Further, entries in respect of returns, both inward and outward, recorded in the financial books should be checked with corresponding entries in the Inventory Book. Also, the totals of the Inventory Book should be checked. Finally, the shortages observed on physical verification of inventory should be reconciled with the discrepancies observed on checking the books in the manner mentioned above. In the case of an industrial concern, issue of raw materials, stores and tools to the factory and receipts of manufactured goods in the godown also should be verified with relative source documents. Defalcations of inventory, sometimes, also are committed by the management, by diverting a part of production and the consequent shortages in production being adjusted by inflating the wastage in production; similar defalcations of inventories and stores are covered up by inflating quantities issued for production. For detecting such shortages, the investigating accountant should take assistance of an engineer. For that he will be more conversant with factors which are responsible for shortage in production and thus will be able to correctly determine the extent to which the shortage in production has been inflated. In this regard, guidance can also be taken from past records showing the extent of wastage in production in the past. Similarly, he would be able to better judge whether the material issued for production was excessive and, if so to what extent. The per hour capacity of the machine and the time that it took to complete one cycle of production, also would show whether the issues have been larger than those required.