In light of the five forces as propagated by Michael Porter, explain the common barriers which may cause restrain for the keenness of new…

In light of Michael Porter's Five Forces, new entrepreneurs often face significant barriers that restrain their keenness to enter an industry. These barriers increase the competitiveness of existing firms and discourage new entrants, impacting industry profitability. Common barriers that may restrain new entrepreneurs include: (i) Capital Requirements: When a large amount of capital is required to enter an industry, firms lacking funds are effectively barred from the industry, thus enhancing the profitability of existing firms in the industry. (ii) Economies of Scale: Many industries are characterized by economic activities driven by economies of scale. Economies of scale refer to the decline in the per-unit cost of production (or other activity) as volume grows. (iii) Product Differentiation: Product differentiation refers to the physical or perceptual differences, or enhancements, that make a product special or unique in the eyes of customers. (iv) Switching Costs: To succeed in an industry, new entrant must be able to persuade existing customers of other companies to switch to its products. When such switching costs are high, buyers are often reluctant to change. (v) Brand Identity: The brand identity of products or services offered by existing firms can serve as another entry barrier. Brand identity is particularly important for infrequently purchased products that carry a high unit cost to the buyer. (vi) Access to Distribution Channels: The unavailability of distribution channels for new entrants poses another significant entry barrier. Despite the growing power of the internet, many firms may continue to rely on their control of physical distribution channels to sustain a barrier to entry to rivals. (vii) Possibility of Aggressive Retaliation: Sometimes the mere threat of aggressive retaliation by incumbents can deter entry by other firms into an existing industry.