Answer the following as per the provisions of the Indian Contract Act, 1872: (i) 'Agent cannot personally enforce, nor be personally bound by,…

(a) (i) Agent cannot personally enforce, nor be bound by, contracts on behalf of principal. EXCEPTIONS: In the following exceptional cases, the agent is presumed to have agreed to be personally bound: (1) Where the contract is made by an agent for the sale or purchase of goods for a merchant resident abroad/foreign principal: – When an agent has entered into a contract for the sale or purchase of goods on behalf of a principal resident abroad, the presumption is that the agent undertakes to be personally liable for the performances of such contract. (2) Where the agent does not disclose the name of his principal or undisclosed principal; (Principal unnamed): when the agent does not disclose the name of the principal then there arises a presumption that he himself undertakes to be personally liable. (3) Non-existent or incompetent principal: Where the principal, though disclosed, cannot be sued, the agent is presumed to be personally liable. (4) Pretended agent – if the agent pretends but is not an actual agent, and the principal does not rectify the act but disowns it, the pretended agent will be himself liable. (5) When agent exceeds authority - When the agent exceeds his authority, misleads the third person in believing that the agent he has the requisite authority in doing the act, then the agent can be made liable personally for the breach of warranty of authority. (ii) Rights of Indemnity -holder when sued (Section 125 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872): The promisee in a contract of indemnity, acting within the scope of his authority, is entitled to recover from the promisor/indemnifier — (a) all damages which he may be compelled to pay in any suit (b) all costs which he may have been compelled to pay in bringing/ defending the suit and (c) all sums which he may have paid under the terms of any compromise of suit. OR / Alternative Solution: (b) Essentials of a Contingent Contract (a) The performance of a contingent contract would depend upon the happening or non -happening of some event or condition. The condition may be precedent or subsequent. (b) The event referred to as collateral to the contract. The event is not part of the contract. The event should be neither performance promised nor a consideration for a promise. (c) The contingent event should not be a mere ‘will’ of the promisor. The event should be contingent in addition to being the will of the promisor. (d) The event must be uncertain. Where the event is certain or bound to happen, the contract is due to be performed, then it is a not contingent contract. Definition of ‘Contingent Contract’ (Section 31 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872) “A contract to do or not to do something, if some event, collateral to such contract, does or does not happen”. Rules Relating to Enforcement of a contingent contract: The rules relating to enforcement of a contingent contract are laid down in sections 32, 33, 34, 35 and 36 of the Act. (a) Enforcement of contracts contingent on an event happening: Section 32 says that “where a contingent contract is made to do or not to do anything if an uncertain future event happens, it cannot be enforced by law unless and until that event has happened. If the event becomes impossible, such contracts become void”. (b) Enforcement of contracts contingent on an event not happening: Section 33 says that “Where a contingent contract is made to do or not do anything if an uncertain future event does not happen, it can be enforced only when the happening of that event becomes impossible and not before”. (c) A contract would cease to be enforceable if it is contingent upon the conduct of a living person when that living person does something to make the ‘event’ or ‘conduct’ as impossible of happening. Section 34 says that “if a contract is contingent upon as to how a person will act at an unspecified time, the event shall be considered to have become impossible when such person does anything which renders it impossible that he should so act within any definite time or otherwise than under further contingencies”. (d) Contingent on happening of specified event within the fixed time: Section 35 says that Contingent contracts to do or not to do anything, if a specified uncertain event happens within a fixed time, becomes void if, at the expiration of time fixed, such event has not happened, or if, before the time fixed, such event becomes impossible. (e) Contingent on specified event not happening within fixed time: Section 35 also says that - “Contingent contracts to do or not to do anything, if a specified uncertain event does not happen within a fixed time, may be enforced by law when the time fixed has expired, and such event has not happened or before the time fixed has expired, if it becomes certain that such event will not happen”. (f) Contingent on an impossible event (Section 36): Contingent agreements to do or not to do anything, if an impossible event happens are void, whether the impossibility of the event is known or not to the parties to the agreement at the time when it is made.